Modern Disease Control and Prevention

Research progress of aflatoxins detection technology

Aflatoxins (AF) a class of highly carcinogenic mycotoxins that are widely present in grains, oils, foods and feed, posing a significant threat to food safety and public health. Consequently, and and efficient detection of aflatoxins is critically important. This article provides a systematically review of aflatoxin detection technologies, elaborating on the principles, advantages, limitations, and applications of various methods, including sample preparation, chromatographic techniques, immunoassays, and emerging rapid detection strategies. In light of current industry demands and technological developments, this review also discusses future trends, with a focus on the development of portable, automated, high-throughput, and multi-toxin synchronous detection platforms. The aim is to offer a theoretical and technical insights to guide the selection of appropriate aflatoxins detection methods and to inform the innovation of new technologies

First year evaluation of a Tuberculosis-free communities pilot program in Henan Province: A key indicator analysis

Objective To evaluate the first-year implementation of a tuberculosis (TB)-free community pilot program in Henan Province by analyzing key performance indicators, thereby assessing the current TB situation in pilot areas and providing a evidence-based guidance for subsequent efforts. Methods From Oct 1 , 2023 to Sep 30,2024, one community was selected from each of six counties (districts) in Henan Province for the pilot. Intervention activities included: population-wide screening for suspected pulmonary TB symptoms; latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection (LTBI) screening for high-risk groups; provision of preventive TB treatment; and community-based TB health education. Data from all six sites were aggregated to analyze completion detection, analyze relevant metrics. Results The pilot achieved high screening coverage: 97.03% (264 695/272 799) of the target population was screened for symptoms, and 94.77% (66 572/70 247) of the targeted high-risk groups underwent LTBI testing. The suspected symptom detection rate was 2.20% (5 821/264 695), close contacts (8.35% , 38/455) and HIV/AIDS patients (6.67%, 8/120) had the highest rates. The overall LTBI positive rate was 7.29% (4 853/66 572), healthcare workers engaged in TB prevention and control (13.58%, 47/346) and close contacts (13.03%, 49/376) had the highest rates, differences inthe detection rates of suspected symptoms and LTBI positive rates among different populations were statistically significant (x 2 =967.479 and 395.138, respectively, both P < 0.05). A total of 62 pulmonary TB patients were actively detected through this screening. The acceptance rate of preventive treatment among eligible individuals was 40.53% (1 957/4 829), with the 3HR regimen being the most common 66.58%(1 303 individuals) The public awareness rate of core TB information was 85.87% (3 143/3 660). Conclusions The first year of the TB-free community initiative in Henan province was successfully implemented, achieving high screening coverage and public awareness while actively identifying TB cases and LTBI. Key areas for improvement include enhancing the uptake of preventive treatment, and continuing targeted active screening and health education to sustain progress towards TB elimination.

Development of a risk prediction model for ventilator-associated pneumonia in ICU patients undergoing mechanical ventilation

Objective To identify independent risk factors for ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) in ICU patients receiving mechanical ventilation in Xinjiang region and to develop, validate, and apply a risk prediction model for the early identification of high-risk individuals. Methods We conducted a multicenter case-control study of ICU patients receiving mechanical ventilation in four tertiary hospitals in Xinjiang from January 2020 to December 2023. Patients were randomly split into training (70%) and validation (30%) sets. Predictive variables were selected using LASSO regression, and a multivariate logistic regression model was built to identify risk factors and construct a prediction model. Model performance was assessed by its discrimination [area underthe receiver operating characteristic curve, (AUC)], calibration [Hosmer-Lemeshow tests(H-L teats), calibration curves], and clinical utility [decision curve analysis (DCA)]. Results Among 4 121 included patients, the VAP incidence was 7.64% (315 cases). Seven independent risk factors were identified: duration of mechanical ventilation (OR=1.006, 95%CI: 1.000-1.011), duration of antibiotic use (OR=1.010, 95%CI: 1.002 -1.018), number of re-intubations (OR=1.383, 95%CI: 1.231-1.551), coma (OR=1.710, 95%CI: 1.241-2.355), presence of ≥ 3 underlying diseases (OR=1.947, 95%CI: 1.375-2.774), use of sedatives (OR=3.882, 95%CI: 2.765-5.540), and hypoproteinemia(OR=5.277, 95%CI: 3.846-7.280). The prediction model demonstrated strong performance, with AUC of 0.835 (95%CI: 0.811-0.860), sensitivity of 84.2% and specificity of 66.7%. The model was well-calibrated (H-L test, P>0.05). Conclusions We successfully developed and validate a clinical predictive model for VAP with good discrimination and calibration. This model provides clinicians with a practical too for early identification of high-risk ICU-patients, facilitating targeted intervention to prevent VAP.

Survey on the current status of disinfection practices in some childcare institutions of Henan Province

Objective To assess the current status of disinfection practices in childcare institutions across Henan Province and to provide a basis for targeted quality improvement measures. Methods From April to June 2024, we conducted a cross-sectional survey in 99 childcare institutions spanning 15 cities in Henan Province. Data were collected through methods of on-site observations, face-to-face interviews, and data reviews to evaluate disinfection equipment, protocols, and staffing. Results 100.00%(99/99) of childcare institutions had object surface disinfectants, 98.99%(98/99) had ultraviolet (UV) lamps, and 83.84% (83/99) had tableware sterilizers. Public institutions demonstrated higher rates of ventilation protocol setup (96.36% vs.81.82%), regular cleaning of UV lamps (98.18% vs.83.72%), and monitoring of UV lamp irradiance (60.00% vs.34.88%) than those of private institutions (x2=4.206, 4.941 and 6.092 respectively, all P<0.05). While 97.98%(97/99) of institutions assigned staff to supervise disinfection, the professional background of supervisors were different markedly. The primary supervisors of disinfection practices in public institutions were healthcare personnel (52.73% ,29/55), whereas administrative staff (e.g., kindergarten directors) were primarily responsible for supervision in private institutions (80.95% ,34/42) (x2=11.449, P<0.05). Conclusions Childcare institutions in Henan Province are generally equipped for disinfection, however significant quality gaps still persist particularly in private institutions, which had deficiencies in the establishment and implementation of protocols, disinfection quality inspection，and rationality of disinfection supervisors setup. Improvement efforts should prioritize enhanced technical training and standardized monitoring of disinfection quality, and it is recommended that disinfection practices should be supervised and guided by healthcare professionals.

Analysis of mumps component vaccine effectiveness after the inclusion of two-dose MMR vaccine in the immunization program

Objective To analyze the vaccine effectiveness (VE) of the mumps component vaccine (MuCV) and the changes in the incidence of mumps after the inclusion of two doses of measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine in the immunization program, and provide the evidence for mumps prevention and control. Methods A one-to-one matched case-control study was conducted. The mumps cases aged 1 to 15 years and reported in Jingzhou City from 2022 to 2024 were selected as case group through China Disease Prevention and Control Information Management System. The control group was matched with the case group through the Hubei Province Immunization Program Information Management System, based on the same residential community, date of birth, and sex. The vaccination information of MuCV for the participants was collected. The effectiveness of MuCV was analyzed using a paired conditional Logistic regression model. The data of mumps cases in Jingzhou from 2014 to 2024 were collected through the China Disease Prevention and Control Information System to compare the changes of mumps incidence in Jingzhou city between previous and post inclusion of two-dose MMR vaccine in the immunization program (2014-2019 vs. 2020-2024). Results Both the case group and the control group enrolled 568 participants each. The overall VE of MuCV was 79.1%. VE for 1 and 2 doses of MuCV was 78.5% and 86.7%, respectively. VE for< 2, 2-<4, 4-<7, 7-<10 and 10-<16 years old after 1 dose was 81.3%, 80.2%, 78.6%, 77.7% and 75.2%, respectively. VE decreased over time (APC=-1.85%, P <0.05). VE for < 2, 2-<4, 4-<7, 7-<10 and 10-<16 years old after 2 doses was 87.5%, 80.9%, 78.9%, 77.9% and 75.5%, respectively. VE decreased over time (APC=-3.36%, P＜0.05). The average annual reported incidence rates in Jingzhou City from 2014 to 2019 and from 2020 to 2024 were 10.38/10⁵ and 4.79/10⁵ , respectively. After two doses of MMR vaccine were included in the immunization program, the reported incidence of mumps in Jingzhou decreased by 53.84% (χ2=583.658，P<0.05), which decreased the most in the 1-year-old group, reaching 72.57% . Conclusions After 2 doses of MMR vaccine was included in the immunization program, the incidence of mumps decreased significantly. VE was better for 2 doses of MVC than that for 1 dose, and VE showed a decreasing trend over time.

Advances in novel immunochromatographic strip tests

Immunochromatographic strip test(ITS) is a well-established rapid detection platform everaging the specific binding between antigens and antibodies.Prized for its simplicity,low cost,and instrument-free operation,it holds significant value in point-of-care diagnostics,food safety,and environmental monitoring.The technology achieves target detection through the sandwich format or the competitive format.The sandwich format is suitable for detecting biomolecules with multiple detection sites,while the competitive format is used for detecting small molecules including haptens.In recent years,with the application of nanozymes,novel nanomaterials,and innovations in signal amplification technologies,IST has continuously improved and developed.This paper systematically reviews the research progress of novel ITSs.New technological advancements,such as the use of competitive format for detecting antigens and antibodies,and the development of a universal strip test for detecting haptens and their antibodies,have broken through the traditional development of strip tests,representing the innovative applications of strip tests.ISTs based on nanobodies,novel nanomaterials,and nanozymes have significantly improved the sensitivity of the test.The development of multi-target detection strip tests has enabled the screening of multiple targets in a single test,greatly improving the detection efficiency.These technological improvements are expanding the applications of ISTs and providing more efficient,sensitive solutions for instant detection,promising a greater impact in precision medicine and point-of-care testing.

Epidemiological features analysis of notifiable infectious diseases in China's mainland,2010-2016

Objective To provide a scientific basis for formulating the best control and prevention strategy through analyzing the epidemiological features of notifiable infectious diseases in China's mainland from 2010 to 2016.Method The notifiable infectious diseases that reported by National Health and Family Planning Commission of the People's Republic of China,were collected and analyzed.Results 46 635 017 cases were reported,the incidence rate was 491.93 per 100 000.116576 deaths were reported and the mortality was 1.23 per 100 000.The case fatality rate was 0.25 %.386 cases of 2 kinds of A notifiable diseases were reported,the incidence rate was 0.0041 per 100 000. 21 776 418 cases of26 kinds of B notifiable diseases were reported,the incidence rate was 229.71 per 100 000 and declined slowly.24 858213 cases of 11 kinds of C notifiable diseases were reported,the incidence rate was 262.22 per 100 000 and rised every other year.Blood and sexually transmitted disease had become the highest morbidity and mortality infectious disease in the class A and B cases during the last 7 years,and the proportion was 56.12 % and 74.34 % respectively.Fatality rate of natural foci and vector-borne diseases was 1.7390 %,which was the highest.The incidence of intestinal infectious diseases declined year byyear,and the mortality of natural foci and vector-borne diseases,intestinal infectious diseases,respiratory infectious diseases had the same trend,but Blood and sexually transmitted disease's incidence increased year by year.3 899 cases and 269 deaths of neonatal tetanus were reported in the last 7 years. Tts fatality rate was 6.90 % and its incidence and mortality declined year by year.The infectious diseases reported in the first few were hand-foot-and-mouth disease,viral hepatitis,tuberculosis,other infectious diarrheal diseases,syphilis and mumps respectively. Conclusion The epidemic situation of notifiable infectious diseases were stable in China's mainland during the last 7 years. Prevention and control measures should focus on Blood and sexually transmitted disease with high morbidity and mortality and rising trend.The vaccine-preventable diseases,such as viral hepatitis(hepatitis B)and tuberculosis,remain had great incidence,so health education should be strengthened to improve people's cognitive ability and immune levels.

Effects of trace element copper on human health

Copper is a naturally existing element in nature, it mostly enters the human body through food or drinking water, and it has dual functions to human health. As one of the essential micronutrients for human health, copper is involved in many physiological functions, copper deficiency causes problems, such as anemia and neutropenia. Copper excess can lead to acute or chronic copper poisoning in human subjects, and in severe cases death. The source of the copper, the physiological functions,absorption and metabolism, deficiency, toxicity, and the recommended intake of copper will be mainly reviewed in this paper.

The recent reseach of our country in the material and methods of the Virus preservation

For the better preservation of the biological resources,the author has retrieved the domestic literature of the preservation of strains during National Eleventh Five-Year.The results show that our country uses the gelatin foil,the filter paper,the emulsion,the carbohydrate,the liquid traditional Chinese medicine and so on as the collection material of strains;In preservation technology and method still by low temperature or ultralow temperature refrigeration and so on primarily.So we can say that our country does have the remarkable progress in the collection material and the preservation method aspect.

Effects of trace element copper on human health

Copper is a naturally existing element in nature, it mostly enters the human body through food or drinking water, and it has dual functions to human health. As one of the essential micronutrients for human health, copper is involved in many physiological functions, copper deficiency causes problems, such as anemia and neutropenia. Copper excess can lead to acute or chronic copper poisoning in human subjects, and in severe cases death. The source of the copper, the physiological functions,absorption and metabolism, deficiency, toxicity, and the recommended intake of copper will be mainly reviewed in this paper.

Evaluation of life quality of the rural elderly in a county by SF-36 scale

Objective To understand the quality of life and medical status of residents in rural areas of a County. Methods By using the method of random cluster sampling, a real-name questionnaire survey was conducted among residents by using SF-36 and self-made scale. Results The Cronbach's α coefficient and KMO value of SF-36 scale were > 0.8 and 0.6 respectively.Comparing the scores of the rural elderly in Fengqiu county with those of the rural elderly in Henan Province, the score of vitality(VT) was lower than that of the norm, while the scores of physiological function(PF), body pain(BP), overall health status(GH), social function(SF), emotional function(RE) and mental health(MH) were higher than those of the norm. Compared with the Shenzhen norm, the scores of physiological function(RP), body pain(BP), vitality(VT) and social function(SF) were lower than those of the norm. Compared with the norm of Sichuan Province, the score of emotional function(RE) dimension of the four age and gender groups was higher than that of the norm, and the score of vitality(VT) dimension was lower than that of the norm(P<0.05).Conclusion The quality of life of the elderly in rural areas of the studied county has been improved, but it is still poor compared with some developed areas. It is necessary to arrange work reasonably according to the factors affecting the quality of life of the elderly in the county.

The research progress of respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection in the Middle East