Modern Disease Control and Prevention

Research progress on tumor-associated macrophage subtypes in the immune microenvironment of Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC) is a prevalent and highly lethal liver malignancy. The tumor microenvironment(TME)of HCC, characterized by local immunosuppression, functions as a dynamic-“ecosystem” that supports tumor progression.Composed of diverse parenchymal and stromal cells, TME critically regulates tumor cell proliferation, invasion, angiogenesis, and therapy resistance. Macrophages, as core components of the innate immune system, demonstrate remarkable heterogeneity and plasticity. Tumor-associated macrophages(TAM) represent a crucial immune cell subpopulation within the tumor niche, directly or indirectly facilitating tumor cell proliferation and survival, neovascularization, and immunosuppression. This review systematically summarizes the distinct roles and underlying mechanisms of TAM subtypes within the HCC immune microenvironment, aiming to provide new perspectives for developing immunotherapeutic strategies against HCC.

Epidemiological characteristics and spatiotemporal clustering analysis of foodborne diseases in Qinghai Province, 2021-2023

Objective To analyze the epidemiological characteristics and spatiotemporal clustering patterns of foodborne diseases in Qinghai Province from 2021 to 2023, providing a scientific basis for targeted foodborne disease prevention and control.Methods Surveillance data on foodborne disease cases in Qinghai Province from 2021 to 2023 were collected. Descriptive epidemiological analysis was performed. Spatial autocorrelation analysis and spatiotemporal scanning statistics were employed to identify spatiotemporal clustering. Results From 2021 to 2023, a total of 13 812 foodborne diseases cases were reported in Qinghai Province, with an average annual incidence of 7.75 cases per 10 000 person-years. Cases exhibited distinct seasonality,peaking annually from June to September. Haidong City(27.14%) and Xining City(22.88%) reported the highest case numbers.The most affected age group was 1-<10 years old(23.72%), with preschool children being the predominant occupational category(27.69%). The suspected exposure food was primarily meat and meat products(19.85%); and the the most common exposure setting was the household(79.57%). Among 4 267 samples tested, 314 were positive for pathogenic microorganisms(positivity rate7.36%). Salmonella was the most frequently detected pathogen(5.68%, 232/4 088), with the highest positive rate observed in September(9.97%, 35/351). Spatial autocorrelation analysis indicated regional aggregation in 2022(Moran's I = 0.269, P < 0.05)and 2023(Moran's I = 0.286, P < 0.05). Spatiotemporal scanning analysis identified Haidong City and Huangnan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture as the primary clustered areas, with a high-risk period from April to September in Class Ⅰ clustered regions. Conclusions The epidemiological profile of foodborne diseases in Qinghai Province is characterized by preschool children as the high-risk population and summer/autumn as the high-incidence seasons. Public health authorities should enhance surveillance focusing on key populations and implement targeted prevention and control measures during high-peak seasons to effectively reduce the incidence of foodborne diseases.

Analysis of mold contamination status in market spices in Hunan Province from 2022 to 2023

Objective To understand the mold contamination status in the spices sold in Hunan Province, so as to provide scientific evidence for formulating cotamination control measures. Methods According to the National Food Safety Standard-Microbiological Examination of Food-Counting of Mold and Yeast(GB 4789.15-2016) and the National Manual for Monitoring the Risk of Food Contamination and Harmful Factors, mold counting was performed on 434 commercially available spices collected in Hunan Province from 2022 to 2023, and species identification of isolated molds was carried out using morphology and matrix assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry(MALDI-TOF MS) technology. Results The detection rate of mold in market spice samples was 73.3%(318/434); fennel and five-spice powder had the highest detection rate( both equaling to 90.0%, 10/90), and star anise had the lowest detection rate(46.9%, 23/49). The average level of mold contamination was 4.2 ×10⁴ CFU/g. There were no statistically significant differences in the detection rates among the spice samples collected in different packaging types and seasons( χ²=1.99 and 2.67, respectively; both P>0.05), but there was a significant statistical difference in the detection rate among the spice samples of different types( χ²=31.79, P<0.05). The spice samples were mainly contaminated by Aspergillus, Penicillium, Rhizopus,Lichtheimia, Mucor and Fusarium. Among them, fragrant leaves(66.7%, 12/18), chili peppers(61.4%, 51/83), sichuan peppercorns(54.8%, 23/42), and fennel(40.0%, 8/20) were most severely contaminated by Aspergillus; cumin was mainly contaminated by Aspergillus(56.5%, 35/62) and Rhizopus(17.7%, 11/62); peppers, star anise, cinnamon, grass fruit, and others spices were mainly contaminated by Aspergillus, which accounted for 65.4%(53/81), 43.5%(10/23), 35.9%(14/39), 33.3%(2/6), and 55.0%(22/40),respectively, and by Penicillium, which accounted for 9.9%(8/81), 30.4%(7/23), 35.9%(14/39), 33.3%(2/6) and 12.5%(5/40),respectively. Five-pice powder was mainly contaminated by Aspergillus(30.0%, 3/10), Rhizopus(20.9%, 2/10), and Lichtheimia(20.0%, 2/10). Conclusions There are mold contaminations in the market spice in Hunan Province. It is recommended to strengthen the monitoring and management of spices, thereby providing scientific basis for risk assessment and developing relevant standards.

Survival status of HIV/AIDS cases and its influencing factors in Zhangzhou City from 1996 to 2024

Objective To understand the survival and mortality status of HIV/AIDS cases in Zhangzhou City, Fujian Province, and analyze the relevant factors affecting case mortality, so as to provide evidence for scientifically adopting targeted intervention measures. Methods A retrospective cohort study was conducted and the relevant information of HIV/AIDS cases was collected in Zhangzhou City from 1996 to 2024. The life table method was used to describe the survival probability of the cases, and Kaplan-Meier method was used to estimate the average survival time of the cases. Log-Rank test was used to compare the differences between different groups, and Cox proportional hazards regression model was used to analyze the relevant influencing factors of survival time. Results A total of 2 213 HIV/AIDS cases were included in the observation, and 630 deaths from all causes occurred, with an average survival time of 16.323 years(95%CI: 15.930-16.716). The survival probabilities for the first, fifth,tenth, fifteenth and twentieth years were 81.03%, 70.64%, 64.44%, 61.14%, and 53.50%, respectively. The cases were divided into three periods based on the reporting time: 1996-2005, 2006-2015 and 2016-2024, and the survival time of reported cases in the three periods was 4.383 years, 13.533 years, and 17.447 years, respectively( χ²_Log-rank=126.309, P<0.05). Being AIDS stage, not undergoing baseline CD4~+T lymphocyte count(CD4) testing, and not receiving antiretroviral therapy were all risk factors for case mortality(P<0.05). The mortality risk for AIDS stage was 2.207 times that for HIV stage(95%CI: 1.718-2.836), and the mortality risk for cases who had not received antiviral therapy was 17.976 times that for those who had received treatment(95% CI:13.949-23.164). The mortality risk for cases who did not undergo baseline CD4 testing was 2.046 times that for those in the CD40-<200 cells/μL group(95%CI: 1.489-2.810). Homosexual transmission, discovery through non-medical institutions and education level of college or above were protective factors for mortality risk(all P<0.05). The mortality risk for homosexual transmission was0.563 times that for heterosexual transmission(95%CI: 0.378-0.840), and the mortality death for non-medical institution cases was 0.556 times that for medical institutions(95%CI: 0.454-0.682). The mortality risk for cases with college education or above was 0.482 times that for those with illiterate/primary schools(95%CI: 0.260-0.895). Conclusions The survival time of HIV/AIDS cases are influenced by multiple factors. Early detection and antiretroviral treatment can effectively reduce the mortality risk of cases. Early testing, early detection, and early treatment are effective measures to reduce HIV/AIDS mortality.

Epidemiological characteristics and spatial clustering of human brucellosis in Nanyang City from 2010 to 2024

Objective To analyze the epidemiological characteristics and spatial clustering of human brucellosis in Nanyang City,from 2010 to 2024, in order to provide evidence for optimizing prevention and control strategies. Methods A descriptive epidemiological analysis was conducted to reported human brucellosis cases in Nanyang City from 2010 to 2024. The temporal incidence trend was assessed using Joinpoint regression to calculate the average annual percentage change(AAPC). The FleXScan was used to conduct irregular spatial cluster scanning to explore high-incidence cluster areas. Results A total of 9 302 cases of brucellosis cases were reported in Nanyang City from 2010 to 2024, with an annual average incidence of 6.22/100 000. The incidence showed a significant fluctuating upward trend(AAPC=12.59%, 95%CI: 9.30%-18.47%, P<0.05). The peak of reported cases peaked during spring and summer(March to July). The median age(interquartile range) of cases was 51(40, 60) years and gradually increased from 46 years during 2010-2012 to 55 years during 2022-2024(Spearman's correlation coefficient=0.196,P<0.05). Most cases(76.25%) were aged 35-<70, and farmers constituted the predominant occupational group(79.68%). Spatial scan statistics identified three northeastern counties of Nanzhao, Fangcheng, and Sheqi as the most likely and persistent high-risk clusters from 2014 to 2016 and 2019 to 2024. In certain years, the clusters expanded to include Wancheng District, Wolong District and Zhenping County. Conclusions The incidence of human brucellosis in Nanyang City exhibits a rising trend, with distinct spatial aggregation. The three northeastern counties form a stable high-risk cluster. It is recommended to enhance real-time trend analysis, conducted targeted investigations, utilize the collaborative framework of the Southwest Henan Infectious Disease Cooperation Zone, and identify case surveillance and comprehensive prevention and control in identified high-incidence areas.

Epidemiological characteristics and evaluation of an incidence trend prediction model for scarlet fever in Henan Province， 2015-2025

Objective To analyze the epidemiological characteristics and incidence trend of scarlet fever in Henan Province from 2015 to 2025， and to evaluate the application performance of different time series prediction models in forecasting the epidemic trend of the disease. Methods The incidence data of scarlet fever in Henan Province from 2015 to 2025 were collected from the China Disease Control and Prevention Information System. JoinPoint regression model was used to analyze the long-term incidence trend. SARIMA， XGBoost， and Prophet models were constructed using R 4.5.1 software to predict the incidence of scarlet fever in Henan Province from January to September 2025. The prediction performance of the models was evaluated using mean absolute error (MAE)， root mean squared error (RMSE)， mean error rate (MER)， and symmetric mean absolute percentage error (SMAPE). Results A total of 16 071 scarlet fever cases were reported in Henan Province from 2015 to 2025， with no deaths， and the annual average incidence rate was 1.52 per 100，000 population. The incidence showed an annual bimodal seasonal distribution each year， with peaks concentrated from April to July and from November to January of the following year. The disease was highly prevalent in children aged 4-<10 years and in northern cities of Henan Province. The incidence trend presented phased changes: the number of cases decreased significantly from 2019 to 2022 (APC=-47.85%， P<0.05)， and increased rapidly from 2023 onward (APC=105.62%， P<0.05). Prophet model had the optimal comprehensive performance， with MAE (22.96)， RMSE (28.50)， MER (11.87%)， and SMAPE (17.64%) all lower than those of SARIMA and XGBoost models. It showed a good short-term prediction performance (≤5 months)， and prediction accuracy gradually decreased when the forecasting period exceeded 5 months. Conclusions The incidence trend of scarlet fever in Henan Province from 2015 to 2025 presented a three-stage pattern of "stability-plunge-recovery"， with relatively stable distribution characteristics in terms of population and regions. In short-term prediction， Prophet model exhibited better performance compared with SARIMA and XGBoost models.

Epidemiological characteristics and temporal trend analysis of mumps in Henan Province from 2004 to 2024

Objective To analyze the epidemiological characteristics and temporal trends of mumps in Henan Province， evaluate the effectiveness of vaccination， and provide a reference for optimizing the immunization strategy. Methods The mumps incidence data in Henan Province from 2004 to 2024 were retrieved from the China Disease Prevention and Control Information System. Descriptive epidemiological methods were employed to analyze epidemic characteristics across three periods: the self-funded vaccination period (2004-2007)， the one-dose immunization period (2008-2018)， and the two-dose immunization period (2019-2024). The JoinPoint regression model was used to analyze the incidence trend. Results A total of 301 341 mumps cases were reported in Henan Province from 2004 to 2024， with an average annual incidence of 15.11/10⁵ population. The reported incidence rates were 12.73/10⁵， 19.88/10⁵， and 7.97/10⁵ during 2004 - 2007， 2008 - 2018， and 2019 - 2024， respectively. The epidemic seasons varied by period: March to July and December to January during 2004 – 2007; April to July and December during 2008 – 2018; and April to July and September during 2019 - 2024. The reported incidence and average annual incidence were higher in males (192 326 cases， 18.88/10⁵) than in females (109 015 cases， 11.17/10⁵). The highest reported incidence rate occurred in children aged 4-<10 years (109.56/10⁵)， predominantly among students， kindergarten and nursery children， and community-dwelling children. The average annual incidence was higher in the northern (17.82/10⁵) and central Henan (16.40/10⁵) than in southern Henan (11.87/10⁵). Joinpoint regression analysis demonstrated a general decreasing trend in reported incidence among children aged 4 -<15 years (all P < 0.05). Conclusions The reported incidence of mumps in Henan Province from 2004 to 2024 showed an initial increase followed by a decrease. Vaccination demonstrates significant effectiveness in preventing mumps. Following the implementation of two-dose immunization， the winter epidemic peak became less pronounced. Children aged 4-<10 years represent the key population for prevention and control.

Epidemiological characteristics of notifiable infectious diseases among children under 15 years old in Henan Province， 2015-2024

Objective To analyze the epidemiological characteristics and changing trends of notifiable infectious diseases among children under 15 years old in Henan Province from 2015 to 2024， and to provide a scientific basis for formulating infectious disease prevention and control strategies for this population. Methods Data on notifiable infectious disease among children under 15 years old in Henan Province from 2015 to 2024 were collected from the "China Information System for Disease Control and Prevention". Descriptive epidemiological methods were used to analyze the epidemiological characteristics. ArcGIS 10.8 software was used to generate regional distribution maps. The annual percentage change (APC) and average annual percentage change (AAPC) were calculated to analyze trends in reported incidence rates. Results From 2015 to 2024， a total of 30 types of notifiable infectious diseases were reported among children under 15 years old in Henan Province， with 2 180 506 cases. The average annual reported incidence rate was 1 050.75/10⁵. The majority of the cases were classified as Class C infectious diseases (94.51%). There were statistically significant differences in the reported incidence rates of overall， Class B， and Class C infectious diseases across different years (P < 0.05). The average annual reported incidence rate was higher in males (1 102.76/10⁵) than in females (987.79/10⁵). Scattered children were the primary affected group (47.56%， 1 037 140 cases)， and 75.39% (1 643 894 cases) of the cases were concentrated in the age group under 6 years old. There were two peaks in the temporal distribution: a small peak in March and a major peak in December. The average annual reported incidence rates varied significantly across different regions (χ²=2 057 948.81， P<0.05)， showing a pattern of high incidence in central and western Henan， with a gradient decrease in southern and eastern Henan. Zhengzhou City had the highest average annual reported incidence rate (3 838.93/10⁵). Respiratory (56.55%， 1 233 152 cases) and intestinal infectious (42.92%， 935 907 cases) were the main transmission routes. The reported incidence rate of respiratory infectious diseases significantly increased (AAPC=29.36%， P<0.05)， while that of intestinal infectious diseases showed a fluctuating downward trend (AAPC= -9.01， P<0.05). The top five reported diseases accounted for 95.95%， namely influenza， hand-foot-mouth disease， other infectious diarrhea， mumps， and novel coronavirus infection. Conclusions From 2015 to 2024， the epidemiological characteristics of notifiable infectious diseases among children under 15 years old in Henan Province were influenced by multiple factors， including population， season， and region. Young children and scattered children were the key populations， respiratory and intestinal infectious diseases were the core priorities for prevention and control; and central and western Henan were the key areas. It is necessary to focus on key populations， regions， and diseases， implement a multi-disease prevention strategy， and establish a prevention and control early warning system based on seasonal disease characteristics to continuously optimize the prevention and control strategies for infectious diseases among children under 15 years old in Henan Province.

Epidemiological characteristics and temporal trends of notifiable infectious diseases in Henan Province， 2005-2025

Objective To analyze the epidemiological characteristics and temporal trends of notifiable infectious diseases in Henan Province from 2005 to 2025， thereby providing scientific basis for formulating targeted prevention and control strategies. Methods Descriptive epidemiological analysis was conducted on reported data of notifiable infectious diseases in Henan Province from 2005 to 2025. Joinpoint regression (version 5.4.0) was employed to analyze incidence trends， the simple seasonal index method was used to assess seasonal patterns， and ArcGIS 10.8 was applied to examine spatial distribution. Results A total of 10 433 326 cases of 35 types of notifiable infectious diseases were reported， with an average annual reported incidence of 520.28/10⁵， demonstrating an overall increasing trend (AAPC=6.40%， P<0.05). Class A and B infectious diseases accounted for 48.64% (5 074 385 cases) ， while Class C diseases accounted for 51.36%(5 358 941 cases) were . The incidence of Class A and B diseases (excluding COVID-19) showed an overall decreasing trend (AAPC=-4.98%， P<0.05); viral hepatitis， pulmonary tuberculosis， syphilis， dysentery， and gonorrhea were the top five diseases， comprising 86.89%(4 409 276 /5 074 385)of Class A and B cases. Class C diseases exhibited an overall increasing trend (AAPC=15.09%， P<0.05); influenza， hand-foot-mouth disease， other infectious diarrheal diseases， mumps， and acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis were the top five， accounting for 99.72%(5 344 045/ 5 358 941)of Class C cases. Among Class A and B diseases， bloodborne and sexually transmitted infections had the highest average annual incidence (142.08/10⁵) with an overall downward trend， followed by respiratory infectious diseases (89.25 /10⁵)， which showed a “decrease-increase-decrease” pattern. Intestinal infectious diseases declined， whereas natural focal and vector-borne diseases remained at low and stable levels. Regions with relatively high incidence of Class A and B diseases were Jiaozuo (333.53/10⁵)， Zhengzhou (312.97/10⁵)， and Luohe (310.16 /10⁵). For Class C diseases，high-incidence regions were Zhengzhou (824.36/10⁵)， Jiaozuo (449.11 /10⁵)， and Luoyang (428.27/10⁵). Class A and B diseases peaked in spring and summer with a male-to-female ratio of 1.47:1; 86.12% of cases occurred in individuals aged 20 to <70 years， and 71.54% were farmers， homemakers， and unemployed individuals. Class C diseases peaked in winter and spring， with a male-to-female ratio of 1.22:1; 61.83% of cases were in children aged 0-10 years， and 72.62% were scattered children， students， and kindergarten children. Conclusions Since 2005， the reported incidence of notifiable infectious diseases in Henan Province has fluctuated significantly. Strengthened prevention and control efforts should be focused on diseases with a marked increasing trend (e.g.， influenza and other infectious diarrheal diseases)， high-burden diseases (e.g.， hepatitis B and pulmonary tuberculosis)， and challenging diseases (e.g.， natural focal and vector-borne infectious diseases).

Epidemiological Investigation and Response to a Cutaneous Anthrax Outbreak in Harbin City

Objective To report the epidemiological investigation and response to a Cutaneous anthrax outbreak in Harbin City， thereby providing a reference for strengthening anthrax prevention and control measures. Methods The on-site epidemiological investigation and response to this human cutaneous anthrax outbreak was conducted， including on-site field epidemiological investigation， infection source tracing， suspected case searching， sample collection and testing， on-site disinfection， as well as tracking， monitoring and management of suspected co-exposed individuals and close contacts. The prevention and control knowledge dissemination and health education were conducted among the key populations involved in livestock breeding， breeding， slaughtering and sales; the comprehensive prevention and control measures for cutaneous anthrax outbreaks were summarized and improved. Results A cluster of two cutaneous anthrax cases was reported from September 20-21， 2024. The two cases had participated in the slaughter of sick cattle. Skin swab samples were collected and tested positive for Bacillus anthracis via nucleic acid detection and culture. The surrounding samples were collected in the homes of both cases: Case 1's home surrounding such as refrigerator interior， bed surface， light switches， clothing， kang surface， stove surface and so on， and Case 2's home surrounding such as refrigerator interior， light switches， stove surface and so on. The samples from the two-case home were both tested positive for Bacillus anthracis via nucleic acid detection. After the cases were reported， active case searching was initiated， and no suspected cases were identified. A total of 161 close contacts and co-exposed individuals were identified， and nine of them were classified as "high-risk exposures" and took prophylactic medication; 152 close contacts underwent 14-day health monitoring. Contaminated products were recalled ad destroyed; the prevention and control publicity and the evaluation of disinfection effectiveness were carried out. Conclusions In this outbreak， the two cases were infected due to common exposure to the surrounding of slaughtering sick cattle. Timely control of the infection source together with thorough disinfection of the relevant products and surrounding can effectively control the occurrence and development of anthrax outbreak.

Epidemiological features analysis of notifiable infectious diseases in China's mainland,2010-2016

Objective To provide a scientific basis for formulating the best control and prevention strategy through analyzing the epidemiological features of notifiable infectious diseases in China's mainland from 2010 to 2016.Method The notifiable infectious diseases that reported by National Health and Family Planning Commission of the People's Republic of China,were collected and analyzed.Results 46 635 017 cases were reported,the incidence rate was 491.93 per 100 000.116576 deaths were reported and the mortality was 1.23 per 100 000.The case fatality rate was 0.25 %.386 cases of 2 kinds of A notifiable diseases were reported,the incidence rate was 0.0041 per 100 000. 21 776 418 cases of26 kinds of B notifiable diseases were reported,the incidence rate was 229.71 per 100 000 and declined slowly.24 858213 cases of 11 kinds of C notifiable diseases were reported,the incidence rate was 262.22 per 100 000 and rised every other year.Blood and sexually transmitted disease had become the highest morbidity and mortality infectious disease in the class A and B cases during the last 7 years,and the proportion was 56.12 % and 74.34 % respectively.Fatality rate of natural foci and vector-borne diseases was 1.7390 %,which was the highest.The incidence of intestinal infectious diseases declined year byyear,and the mortality of natural foci and vector-borne diseases,intestinal infectious diseases,respiratory infectious diseases had the same trend,but Blood and sexually transmitted disease's incidence increased year by year.3 899 cases and 269 deaths of neonatal tetanus were reported in the last 7 years. Tts fatality rate was 6.90 % and its incidence and mortality declined year by year.The infectious diseases reported in the first few were hand-foot-and-mouth disease,viral hepatitis,tuberculosis,other infectious diarrheal diseases,syphilis and mumps respectively. Conclusion The epidemic situation of notifiable infectious diseases were stable in China's mainland during the last 7 years. Prevention and control measures should focus on Blood and sexually transmitted disease with high morbidity and mortality and rising trend.The vaccine-preventable diseases,such as viral hepatitis(hepatitis B)and tuberculosis,remain had great incidence,so health education should be strengthened to improve people's cognitive ability and immune levels.

Effects of trace element copper on human health

Copper is a naturally existing element in nature, it mostly enters the human body through food or drinking water, and it has dual functions to human health. As one of the essential micronutrients for human health, copper is involved in many physiological functions, copper deficiency causes problems, such as anemia and neutropenia. Copper excess can lead to acute or chronic copper poisoning in human subjects, and in severe cases death. The source of the copper, the physiological functions,absorption and metabolism, deficiency, toxicity, and the recommended intake of copper will be mainly reviewed in this paper.

The recent reseach of our country in the material and methods of the Virus preservation

For the better preservation of the biological resources,the author has retrieved the domestic literature of the preservation of strains during National Eleventh Five-Year.The results show that our country uses the gelatin foil,the filter paper,the emulsion,the carbohydrate,the liquid traditional Chinese medicine and so on as the collection material of strains;In preservation technology and method still by low temperature or ultralow temperature refrigeration and so on primarily.So we can say that our country does have the remarkable progress in the collection material and the preservation method aspect.

Effects of trace element copper on human health

Copper is a naturally existing element in nature, it mostly enters the human body through food or drinking water, and it has dual functions to human health. As one of the essential micronutrients for human health, copper is involved in many physiological functions, copper deficiency causes problems, such as anemia and neutropenia. Copper excess can lead to acute or chronic copper poisoning in human subjects, and in severe cases death. The source of the copper, the physiological functions,absorption and metabolism, deficiency, toxicity, and the recommended intake of copper will be mainly reviewed in this paper.

Evaluation of life quality of the rural elderly in a county by SF-36 scale

Objective To understand the quality of life and medical status of residents in rural areas of a County. Methods By using the method of random cluster sampling, a real-name questionnaire survey was conducted among residents by using SF-36 and self-made scale. Results The Cronbach's α coefficient and KMO value of SF-36 scale were > 0.8 and 0.6 respectively.Comparing the scores of the rural elderly in Fengqiu county with those of the rural elderly in Henan Province, the score of vitality(VT) was lower than that of the norm, while the scores of physiological function(PF), body pain(BP), overall health status(GH), social function(SF), emotional function(RE) and mental health(MH) were higher than those of the norm. Compared with the Shenzhen norm, the scores of physiological function(RP), body pain(BP), vitality(VT) and social function(SF) were lower than those of the norm. Compared with the norm of Sichuan Province, the score of emotional function(RE) dimension of the four age and gender groups was higher than that of the norm, and the score of vitality(VT) dimension was lower than that of the norm(P<0.05).Conclusion The quality of life of the elderly in rural areas of the studied county has been improved, but it is still poor compared with some developed areas. It is necessary to arrange work reasonably according to the factors affecting the quality of life of the elderly in the county.

The research progress of respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection in the Middle East