Modern Disease Control and Prevention

Rapid determination of six peptide-derived mushroom toxins in wild mushrooms by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry

Objective To develop an analytical method based on ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry(UPLC-MS/MS) for the simultaneous and rapid determination of three amatoxins and three phallotoxins in wild mushrooms. Methods Wild mushroom samples were extracted with methanol and then diluted with 15% aqueous methanol solution. Separation was performed on a BEH C18 chromatographic column(100 mm ×2.1 mm, 1.7 μm) using a mobile phase consisting of 2 mmol/L ammonium formate aqueous solution(containing 0.05% formic acid) and methanol, followed by detection with tandem quadrupole mass spectrometry. Results Under the optimized mobile phase conditions, the six mushroom toxins exhibited sensitive mass spectrometric responses and were well separated within 7 minutes. Method validation demonstrated that all six toxins showed excellent linearity in the concentration range of 1.0-100 ng/mL(correlation coefficient R²>0.999), with limits of detection ranging from 0.01 to 0.02 mg/kg and average spiked recoveries between 90.7% and 103.4%. Conclusions The established method is simple and rapid to operate with accurate results. Its wide quantitative range is suitable for analyzing wild mushroom toxins with highly variable contents. It is well suited for emergency screening and confirmatory analysis in cases of mushroom poisoning.

Contamination characteristics and exposure risk assessment of major mycotoxins in raw corn grains from Henan Province, 2023-2025

Objective To systematically assess the contamination status of major mycotoxins,including Group B fumonisins(FBs),aflatoxin B₁(AFB₁),deoxynivalenol(DON),and zearalenone(ZEN) in corn from Henan Province during 2023-2025,analyze the synergistic contamination patterns among these toxins,and conduct exposure risk assessments.Methods A total of 307 corn kernel samples were collected from 10 cities across the province.The concentrations of the six my cotoxins were determined using high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry(HPLC-MS/MS).Spearman rank correlation analysis was employed to assess the correlations among the toxins.Dietary exposure levels were calculated using point assessment methods,and chronic dietary exposure assessments were conducted employing the Margin of Safety(MOS) method and the Margin of Exposure(MOE)method.Results The overall detection rate of fumonisins was 91.21%(280/307),with an average concentration of 4.69 mg/kg and P₉₉ value of 40.4 mg/kg.AFB₁,ZEN,and DON all exceeded safety limits to varying degrees,with exceedance rates ranging from10.00% to 17.59%.Contamination during the cultivation stage was significantly more severe than during the distribution stage;the average concentration of FBs during the cultivation stage(8.70 mg/kg) was 10.1 times higher than that during the distribution stage(0.863 mg/kg).The detection rates of FB₁,FB₂,FB₃,AFB₁ and ZEN showed a year-by-year decreasing trend(the chi-square trend values were 6.87,12.80,24.12,6.89 and 8.63,respectively,all P<0.05).The exceedance rates of FB_1+FB₂,AFB₁ and ZEN presented a declining trend year by year(the chi-square trend values were 34.00,5.19 and 4.44,respectively,all P<0.05).Correlation analysis revealed that all components of FBs exhibited highly significant positive correlations(r ranged from 0.814-0.964);AFB₁ and ZEN showed moderate positive correlations with FBs(r ranged from 0.268-0.435);DON demonstrated extremely weak correlations with the other toxins(r ranged from-0.129--0.047).In adults,the chronic MOS values for FB_1+FB₂ ranged from 2.31to 2.70,indicating a potential low health risk;both acute and chronic MOS(16.8-141) values for ZEN and DON both exceeded10,representing an acceptable risk level;the MOE(37.8) for AFB₁ was significantly lower than the threshold of 10 000,suggesting that its carcinogenic exposure risk was of concern.Conclusions From 2023 to 2025,corn exhibited prominent FBs contamination in Henan Province,with the cultivation stage serving as the primary contamination source.Special attention should be paid to AFB₁,and enhanced source control and early warning systems for multi-toxin combined contamination should be implemented.

Determination of eight mycotoxins in corn and its products by isotope dilution ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem triple quadrupole mass spectrometry

Objective To establish a method for the determination of eight mycotoxins including aflatoxins(B₁, B₂, G₁ and G₂),fumonisins(B₁, B₂ and B₃), and zearalenone in corn and its products by isotope dilution ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem triple quadrupole mass spectrometry(ID-UPLC-TQ-MS/MS). Methods The samples were extracted with acetonitrile-water-formic acid(70+29+1, volume ratio) solution; the extract was centrifuged, and the supernatant was filtered through a 0.22 μm microporous membrane. The separation and detection were performed by ID-UPLC-TQ-MS/MS, and the quantification was carried out by isotope internal standard method. Results This method had a good linear relationship in detecting eight mycotoxins within the corresponding range. The correlation coefficients(r) of the target compounds were all greater than 0.998 0. The limits of detection were between 0.1-50.0 μg/kg, and the limits of quantification were between0.3-150.0 μg/kg. The recovery rate of standard addition ranged from 87.8%-105.5%, and the relative standard deviation(RSD)was between 2.3%-8.4%. The established method was applied to test 30 samples of corn and its products in the market; six Mycotoxins were detected to varying degrees except aflatoxins G₁ and G₂; the detection rate of fumonisin B₁ was highest, which was93.3%(28/30). Conclusions The method established in this study features simple pretreatment procedures, and the test results are precise, accurate and sensitive, which can be used to determine the content of the eight mycotoxins in corn and its products.

Residual status of antibacterial drugs in poultry eggs sold in Wenzhou and assessment of dietary exposure risk

Objective To investigate the status of antimicrobial drug residues in poultry eggs sold in Wenzhou City and to assess their dietary risks, providing a scientific basis for food safety regulation. Methods From 2015 to 2024, 208 marketed poultry egg samples were randomly collected in Wenzhou City. Residues of 12 antimicrobial drugs in the eggs were detected using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Combined with the results of a poultry egg consumption survey among different populations in Wenzhou City, the exposure risk of antimicrobial drugs in poultry eggs was assessed using the food safety index method. Chi-square test and rank sum test were used to compare data across different groups. Results Among the 208 poultry egg samples in Wenzhou, the overall detection rate of antimicrobial drugs was 27.40%(57/208), and the overall exceedance rate was 19.23%(40/208). Among different types of poultry eggs, the detection rate and exceedance rate were highest in pigeon eggs(54.55% and 36.36%), followed by duck eggs(32.50% and 20.00%), chicken eggs(25.81% and 19.35%), and quail eggs(18.18% and 12.12%). The differences in detection rates among different poultry eggs were statistically significant(χ²=5.500, P<0.05). Regarding drug residues, the highest detection and exceedance rates were both for metronidazole(13.94% for both),followed by enrofloxacin(detection rate: 7.69%, exceedance rate: 3.37%) and florfenicol(detection: 7.69%, exceedance: 0.96%).Other detected drugs, in descending order of detection rate, were doxycycline(3.85%), florfenicol amine(3.37%), ciprofloxacin(2.88%), chloramphenicol(0.96%), oxytetracycline(0.96%), and ofloxacin(0.48%). The top three average residue concentrations were enrofloxacin(9.11 μg/kg), metronidazole(7.67 μg/kg), and doxycycline(4.04 μg/kg). In terms of dietary exposure risk assessment, girls aged 4 to <13 years had the highest daily exposure to various antimicrobial drugs, followed by boys, while adult males aged ≥18 years had the lowest exposure. The maximum Index of Food Safety(IFS) for the seven detected antimicrobial drugs among different populations was 15.97×10^-3, which is far less than 1. Conclusions There are certain levels of antimicrobial drug residues in poultry eggs sold in Wenzhou, but the health risks to the population are relatively low.

Pathogen monitoring results in commercially available foods and pathogenic characteristics in Anyang City, 2022-2025

Objective To understand the contamination status and pathogenic characteristics of pathogenic bacteria in commercially available foods in Anyang City from 2022 to 2025, identify potential food safety hazards in a timely manner, so as to provide scientific evidence for the prevention and control of foodborne diseases as well as food supervision and management.Methods A total of 823 food samples covering 13 categories were collected from the retail market in Anyang City from 2022-2025. In accordance with the requirements of Henan Provincial Manual for Risk Monitoring of Food Contaminants and Harmful Factors, 12 types of foodborne pathogenic bacteria, including Bacillus cereus, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, and Salmonella, were detected. Serological and molecular biological tests were performed to analyze the pathogenic characteristics of the isolated pathogenic strains. Results Of the 823 commercially available food samples, 249 were tested positive, with an overall positive detection rate of 30.26%, and the mixed bacterial contamination was identified in 54 samples. Of the 12 pathogens, the top three with the highest detection rates were Bacillus cereus(27.48%, 61/222), Listeria monocytogenes(21.47%, 102/475) and Vibrio parahaemolyticus(20.55%, 15/73). Listeria monocytogenes showed the highest detection rate in quick-frozen rice and flour food,prepared meat products and raw livestock meat, which were 70.00%(14/20), 59.18%(29/49) and 45.71%(16/35), respectively.The detection rate of Salmonella was the highest in raw poultry meat at 37.78%(34/90). All 61 isolates of Bacillus cereus carried the nheB genes; all 15 Vibrio parahaemolyticus isolates were tlh +, tdh-, trh-in virulence gene detection. A total of 57 Salmonella isolates were classified into 20 serotypes, of which Salmonella Typhimurium(17.54%, 10/57) and Salmonella Enteritidis(15.79%, 9/57) were the predominant serotypes. Conclusions The detection rate of foodborne pathogenic bacteria in commercially available foods in Anyang City is relatively high, with diverse contamination distribution and co-contamination phenomena observed. The contamination characteristics vary significantly among different pathogenic bacteria and food categories. Special attention should be paid to the contamination of raw meat, quick-frozen rice and flour products and other high-risk foods, so as to reduce the incidence risk of foodborne diseases.

Epidemiological Investigation and Response to a Cutaneous Anthrax Outbreak in Harbin City

Objective To report the epidemiological investigation and response to a Cutaneous anthrax outbreak in Harbin City， thereby providing a reference for strengthening anthrax prevention and control measures. Methods The on-site epidemiological investigation and response to this human cutaneous anthrax outbreak was conducted， including on-site field epidemiological investigation， infection source tracing， suspected case searching， sample collection and testing， on-site disinfection， as well as tracking， monitoring and management of suspected co-exposed individuals and close contacts. The prevention and control knowledge dissemination and health education were conducted among the key populations involved in livestock breeding， breeding， slaughtering and sales; the comprehensive prevention and control measures for cutaneous anthrax outbreaks were summarized and improved. Results A cluster of two cutaneous anthrax cases was reported from September 20-21， 2024. The two cases had participated in the slaughter of sick cattle. Skin swab samples were collected and tested positive for Bacillus anthracis via nucleic acid detection and culture. The surrounding samples were collected in the homes of both cases: Case 1's home surrounding such as refrigerator interior， bed surface， light switches， clothing， kang surface， stove surface and so on， and Case 2's home surrounding such as refrigerator interior， light switches， stove surface and so on. The samples from the two-case home were both tested positive for Bacillus anthracis via nucleic acid detection. After the cases were reported， active case searching was initiated， and no suspected cases were identified. A total of 161 close contacts and co-exposed individuals were identified， and nine of them were classified as "high-risk exposures" and took prophylactic medication; 152 close contacts underwent 14-day health monitoring. Contaminated products were recalled ad destroyed; the prevention and control publicity and the evaluation of disinfection effectiveness were carried out. Conclusions In this outbreak， the two cases were infected due to common exposure to the surrounding of slaughtering sick cattle. Timely control of the infection source together with thorough disinfection of the relevant products and surrounding can effectively control the occurrence and development of anthrax outbreak.

Study on the effectiveness of the medical-prevention integration model for hepatitis C elimination in screening, referral, and follow-up of hepatitis C patients in non-infectious disease departments of hospitals

Objective To assess the effectiveness of the medical-prevention integration model for hepatitis C elimination in screening,referral for treatment,and follow-up of hepatitis C antibody-positive patients in non-infectious disease departments of hospitals,so as to provide a reference for developing a scalable and feasible hospital-based hepatitis C elimination strategy.Methods This study collected data from two periods:April-June 2023(the independent exploration phase) and October-December2023(the medical-prevention integration phase).The data were collected from non-infectious disease departments,including the number of hepatitis C antibody screenings,the number of nucleic acid tests for antibody-positive cases,antiviral treatment status of nucleic acid-positive patients,and follow-up outcomes at 3 months post-treatment.Comparisons were conducted between the two phases in terms of nucleic acid testing rates among antibody-positive patients,antiviral treatment rates,3-month post-treatment follow-up rates,and cure rates.Results A total of 100 788 and 92 988 hepatitis C antibody screenings were conducted in the independent exploration phase and the medical-preventive integration phase,respectively,with an overall antibody positivity rate of 0.92%.The positivity rates for hepatitis C antibody during the independent exploration phase and the medical-preventive integration phase were 0.91% and 0.94%,respectively,having no statistically significant difference(χ²=0.578,P>0.05).Compared with the independent exploration phase,the medical-preventive integration phase showed significantly higher rates of nucleic acid testing among hepatitis C antibody positive patients [93.25%(8 15/874) vs 58.97%(539/914);χ²-=285.591,P<0.05],overall antiviral treatment [81.82%(198/242) vs 36.43%(51/140);χ²=80.513,P<0.05],and 3-month post-treatment follow-up [89.85%(177/197) vs 43.48%(20/46);χ²=52.248,P<0.05].Furthermore,patients in the integrated phase across different sex,age groups,and case sources exhibited higher rates of nucleic acid testing,antiviral treament(except for the>70 years age group),and3-month post-treatment follow-up(except for the>70 years age group) than those in the self-exploration phase(all P<0.05).Conclusions The medical-prevention integration model for hepatitis C elimination significantly enhances the capacity of non-infectious disease departments in hospitals to identify,refer,and treat hepatitis C patients,providing data support for the formulation of hepatitis C elimination strategies.

Multidimensional management of uterine adenomyosis based on threestage prevention and control:Henan Provincial Expert Consensus

Adenomyosis is a common chronic gynecological disease among women of childbearing age,which significantly affects their quality of life and reproductive health.Considering the population characteristics of Henan Province and the current diagnostic and treatment capabilities of medical institutions at all levels,this expert consensus has been specially formulated to achieve standardised,uniform and tiered management of the disease throughout its entire cycle.Based on the three-stage management of adenomyosis,this consensus integrates key aspects such as prevention and screening,early identification,standardised intervention,fertility protection and long-term follow-up.It provides treatment plans for patients with adenomyosis at different stages and offers practical suggestions to gynaecologists and obstetricians in Henan Province on the clinical diagnosis and treatment of adenomyosis.The aim is to improve the overall level of diagnosis and treatment of adenomyosis in the province and enhance patient prognosis.

Epidemiological characteristics and trends of school public health emergencies in Henan Province,2006-2025

Objective To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of school public health emergencies in Henan Province from2006 to 2025,and to provide a reference for scientifically responding to such emergencies.Methods Data on school public health emergencies reported in Henan Province from 2006 to 2025 were collected.Descriptive epidemiological methods were used to analyze the epidemiological characteristics.The χ² test was employed to compare rate differences,the Kruskal-Wallis H test was used for multi-group comparison,Joinpoint regression was performed for time trend analysis,and Spearman correlation analysis for examining associations.Results A total of 571 school public health emergencies were reported in Henan Province from 2006 to2025,involving 18 889 cases,with an attack rate of 2.40%.Infectious diseases accounted for 91.59%(523 incidents) of all events,among which respiratory infectious disease were predominant,comprising 480 cases(91.78% of all infectious disease events).The incidence of school public health emergencies in Henan Province showed an overall continuous downward trend(AAPC=-10.80%,P<0.05).Peaks in event reporting occurred from March to June and from September to December.The attack rate was higher in rural schools(2.67%) than in urban schools(2.49%) and township schools(1.87%)(χ²=364.728,P<0.05).Primary schools were the main setting for events,with 323 cases reported,accounting for 56.57% of the total.There was a positive correlation between intervention time and event duration(r=0.693,P<0.05).Conclusions Respiratory infectious diseases are the main type of school public health emergencies in Henan Province from 2006 to 2025.Rural schools and primary schools are the key priorities for prevention and control.Moreover,the timing of intervention implementation affects event duration.It is essential to strengthen surveillance and achieve early detection and early response to outbreaks.

Epidemiological characteristics and temporal trends of notifiable infectious diseases in Henan Province， 2005-2025

Objective To analyze the epidemiological characteristics and temporal trends of notifiable infectious diseases in Henan Province from 2005 to 2025， thereby providing scientific basis for formulating targeted prevention and control strategies. Methods Descriptive epidemiological analysis was conducted on reported data of notifiable infectious diseases in Henan Province from 2005 to 2025. Joinpoint regression (version 5.4.0) was employed to analyze incidence trends， the simple seasonal index method was used to assess seasonal patterns， and ArcGIS 10.8 was applied to examine spatial distribution. Results A total of 10 433 326 cases of 35 types of notifiable infectious diseases were reported， with an average annual reported incidence of 520.28/10⁵， demonstrating an overall increasing trend (AAPC=6.40%， P<0.05). Class A and B infectious diseases accounted for 48.64% (5 074 385 cases) ， while Class C diseases accounted for 51.36%(5 358 941 cases) were . The incidence of Class A and B diseases (excluding COVID-19) showed an overall decreasing trend (AAPC=-4.98%， P<0.05); viral hepatitis， pulmonary tuberculosis， syphilis， dysentery， and gonorrhea were the top five diseases， comprising 86.89%(4 409 276 /5 074 385)of Class A and B cases. Class C diseases exhibited an overall increasing trend (AAPC=15.09%， P<0.05); influenza， hand-foot-mouth disease， other infectious diarrheal diseases， mumps， and acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis were the top five， accounting for 99.72%(5 344 045/ 5 358 941)of Class C cases. Among Class A and B diseases， bloodborne and sexually transmitted infections had the highest average annual incidence (142.08/10⁵) with an overall downward trend， followed by respiratory infectious diseases (89.25 /10⁵)， which showed a “decrease-increase-decrease” pattern. Intestinal infectious diseases declined， whereas natural focal and vector-borne diseases remained at low and stable levels. Regions with relatively high incidence of Class A and B diseases were Jiaozuo (333.53/10⁵)， Zhengzhou (312.97/10⁵)， and Luohe (310.16 /10⁵). For Class C diseases，high-incidence regions were Zhengzhou (824.36/10⁵)， Jiaozuo (449.11 /10⁵)， and Luoyang (428.27/10⁵). Class A and B diseases peaked in spring and summer with a male-to-female ratio of 1.47:1; 86.12% of cases occurred in individuals aged 20 to <70 years， and 71.54% were farmers， homemakers， and unemployed individuals. Class C diseases peaked in winter and spring， with a male-to-female ratio of 1.22:1; 61.83% of cases were in children aged 0-10 years， and 72.62% were scattered children， students， and kindergarten children. Conclusions Since 2005， the reported incidence of notifiable infectious diseases in Henan Province has fluctuated significantly. Strengthened prevention and control efforts should be focused on diseases with a marked increasing trend (e.g.， influenza and other infectious diarrheal diseases)， high-burden diseases (e.g.， hepatitis B and pulmonary tuberculosis)， and challenging diseases (e.g.， natural focal and vector-borne infectious diseases).

Epidemiological features analysis of notifiable infectious diseases in China's mainland,2010-2016

Objective To provide a scientific basis for formulating the best control and prevention strategy through analyzing the epidemiological features of notifiable infectious diseases in China's mainland from 2010 to 2016.Method The notifiable infectious diseases that reported by National Health and Family Planning Commission of the People's Republic of China,were collected and analyzed.Results 46 635 017 cases were reported,the incidence rate was 491.93 per 100 000.116576 deaths were reported and the mortality was 1.23 per 100 000.The case fatality rate was 0.25 %.386 cases of 2 kinds of A notifiable diseases were reported,the incidence rate was 0.0041 per 100 000. 21 776 418 cases of26 kinds of B notifiable diseases were reported,the incidence rate was 229.71 per 100 000 and declined slowly.24 858213 cases of 11 kinds of C notifiable diseases were reported,the incidence rate was 262.22 per 100 000 and rised every other year.Blood and sexually transmitted disease had become the highest morbidity and mortality infectious disease in the class A and B cases during the last 7 years,and the proportion was 56.12 % and 74.34 % respectively.Fatality rate of natural foci and vector-borne diseases was 1.7390 %,which was the highest.The incidence of intestinal infectious diseases declined year byyear,and the mortality of natural foci and vector-borne diseases,intestinal infectious diseases,respiratory infectious diseases had the same trend,but Blood and sexually transmitted disease's incidence increased year by year.3 899 cases and 269 deaths of neonatal tetanus were reported in the last 7 years. Tts fatality rate was 6.90 % and its incidence and mortality declined year by year.The infectious diseases reported in the first few were hand-foot-and-mouth disease,viral hepatitis,tuberculosis,other infectious diarrheal diseases,syphilis and mumps respectively. Conclusion The epidemic situation of notifiable infectious diseases were stable in China's mainland during the last 7 years. Prevention and control measures should focus on Blood and sexually transmitted disease with high morbidity and mortality and rising trend.The vaccine-preventable diseases,such as viral hepatitis(hepatitis B)and tuberculosis,remain had great incidence,so health education should be strengthened to improve people's cognitive ability and immune levels.

Effects of trace element copper on human health

Copper is a naturally existing element in nature, it mostly enters the human body through food or drinking water, and it has dual functions to human health. As one of the essential micronutrients for human health, copper is involved in many physiological functions, copper deficiency causes problems, such as anemia and neutropenia. Copper excess can lead to acute or chronic copper poisoning in human subjects, and in severe cases death. The source of the copper, the physiological functions,absorption and metabolism, deficiency, toxicity, and the recommended intake of copper will be mainly reviewed in this paper.

The recent reseach of our country in the material and methods of the Virus preservation

For the better preservation of the biological resources,the author has retrieved the domestic literature of the preservation of strains during National Eleventh Five-Year.The results show that our country uses the gelatin foil,the filter paper,the emulsion,the carbohydrate,the liquid traditional Chinese medicine and so on as the collection material of strains;In preservation technology and method still by low temperature or ultralow temperature refrigeration and so on primarily.So we can say that our country does have the remarkable progress in the collection material and the preservation method aspect.

Effects of trace element copper on human health

Copper is a naturally existing element in nature, it mostly enters the human body through food or drinking water, and it has dual functions to human health. As one of the essential micronutrients for human health, copper is involved in many physiological functions, copper deficiency causes problems, such as anemia and neutropenia. Copper excess can lead to acute or chronic copper poisoning in human subjects, and in severe cases death. The source of the copper, the physiological functions,absorption and metabolism, deficiency, toxicity, and the recommended intake of copper will be mainly reviewed in this paper.

Evaluation of life quality of the rural elderly in a county by SF-36 scale

Objective To understand the quality of life and medical status of residents in rural areas of a County. Methods By using the method of random cluster sampling, a real-name questionnaire survey was conducted among residents by using SF-36 and self-made scale. Results The Cronbach's α coefficient and KMO value of SF-36 scale were > 0.8 and 0.6 respectively.Comparing the scores of the rural elderly in Fengqiu county with those of the rural elderly in Henan Province, the score of vitality(VT) was lower than that of the norm, while the scores of physiological function(PF), body pain(BP), overall health status(GH), social function(SF), emotional function(RE) and mental health(MH) were higher than those of the norm. Compared with the Shenzhen norm, the scores of physiological function(RP), body pain(BP), vitality(VT) and social function(SF) were lower than those of the norm. Compared with the norm of Sichuan Province, the score of emotional function(RE) dimension of the four age and gender groups was higher than that of the norm, and the score of vitality(VT) dimension was lower than that of the norm(P<0.05).Conclusion The quality of life of the elderly in rural areas of the studied county has been improved, but it is still poor compared with some developed areas. It is necessary to arrange work reasonably according to the factors affecting the quality of life of the elderly in the county.

The research progress of respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection in the Middle East