Modern Disease Control and Prevention

Epidemiological characteristics and trends of notifiable infectious diseases in Henan Province, 2005-2025

Objective To analyze the epidemiological characteristics and temporal trends of notifiable infectious diseases in Henan Province from 2005 to 2025, thereby providing scientific basis for formulating targeted prevention and control strategies.Methods Descriptive epidemiological analysis was conducted on reported data of notifiable infectious diseases in Henan Province from 2005 to 2025. Joinpoint regression 5.4.0 was employed to analyze incidence trends, the simple seasonal index method was used to assess seasonal patterns, and ArcGIS 10.8 was applied to examine spatial distribution. Results A total of10 433 326 cases of 35 types of notifiable infectious diseases were reported, with an average annual reported incidence of520.28/10⁵, demonstrating an overall increasing trend(AAPC=6.40%, P<0.05). Class A and B infectious diseases accounted for48.64%(5 074 385 cases), while Class C diseases accounted for 51.36%(5 358 941 cases). The incidence of Class A and B diseases(excluding COVID-19) showed an overall decreasing trend(AAPC =-4.98%, P <0.05); viral hepatitis, pulmonary tuberculosis, syphilis, dysentery, and gonorrhea were the top five diseases, comprising 86.89%(4 409 276/5 074 385)of Class A and B cases. Class C diseases exhibited an overall increasing trend(AAPC =15.09%, P <0.05); influenza, hand-foot-mouth disease, other infectious diarrheal diseases, mumps, and acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis were the top five, accounting for99.72%(5 344 045/5 358 941)of Class C cases. Among Class A and B diseases, bloodborne and sexually transmitted infections had the highest average annual incidence(142.08/10⁵) with an overall downward trend, followed by respiratory infectious diseases(89.25/10⁵), which showed a “decrease-increase-decrease” pattern. Intestinal infectious diseases declined, whereas natural focal and vector-borne diseases remained at low and stable levels. Regions with relatively high incidence of Class A and B diseases were Jiaozuo(333.53/10⁵), Zhengzhou(312.97/10⁵), and Luohe(310.16/10⁵). For Class C diseases,high-incidence regions were Zhengzhou(824.36/10⁵), Jiaozuo(449.11/10⁵), and Luoyang(428.27/10⁵). Class A and B diseases peaked in spring and summer with a male-to-female ratio of 1.47∶1, 86.12% of cases occurred in individuals aged 20-<70 years, and 71.54%were farmers, homemakers, and unemployed individuals. Class C diseases peaked in winter and spring, with a male-to-female ratio of 1.22 ∶1, 61.83% of cases were in children aged 0-<10 years, and 72.62% were scattered children, students, and kindergarten children. Conclusions Since 2005, the reported incidence of notifiable infectious diseases in Henan Province has fluctuated significantly. Strengthened prevention and control efforts should be focused on diseases with a marked increasing trend(e.g., influenza and other infectious diarrheal diseases), high-burden diseases(e.g., hepatitis B and pulmonary tuberculosis), and challenging diseases(e.g., natural focal and vector-borne infectious diseases).

Epidemiological characteristics and comparative analysis of public health emergency surveillance and reporting in Henan Province before and after the COVID-19 pandemic

Objective To compare the characteristics of public health emergency surveillance and reporting in Henan Province before and after the COVID-19 pandemic by using the emergence, evolution, and policy adjustment of the pandemic as temporal milestones, thereby providing empirical evidence for optimizing prevention and control strategies. Methods A descriptive epidemiological analysis was conducted on public health emergencies reported by the surveillance system in Henan Province from2017 to 2025. Results From 2017 to 2025, a total of 787 public health emergencies and related incidents were recorded in Henan Province, involving 10 149 cases and 52 deaths. Infectious disease-related events were predominant, accounting for 95.3%(750/787) of all reports. The majority of reports(74.2%, 584/787) were concentrated during the emergency response period of the COVID-19 outbreak(2020—2022), with a statistically significant difference(P<0.05) in event compositions observed during the period. Unclassified events accounted for 76.6%(603/787) and demonstrated a significant linear increasing trend over time(P <0.05, Cochran-Armitage trend test). Conclusions The COVID-19 pandemic temporarily disrupted the stability of the public health emergency reporting structures in Henan Province in the short term. However, the capacity for identifying and reporting abnormal health events at the community level has been significantly improved. Based on the prevention and control needs of the post-pandemic era, it is recommended that all regions in Henan Province continue to enhance the sensitivity of public health emergency surveillance, strengthen comprehensive prevention and control efforts in emergency response and management, and provide support for building a more resilient public health system.

Epidemiological characteristics of public health emergencies in Henan Province, 2015-2024

Objective To analyze the epidemiological characteristics and trends of public health emergencies reported in Henan Province from 2015 to 2024, and to provide a scientific basis for effective prevention and control. Methods Data on public health emergencies reported in Henan Province from 2015-2024 were retrieved from the Public Health Emergency Management subsystem of the Information System for Disease Prevention and Control in China. A descriptive epidemiological analysis was conducted,including the overall situation, temporal, type, and regional distribution, as well as the distribution of school-based public health emergencies. Results From 2015 to 2024, a total of 277 public health emergencies at various levels were reported by county(district) centers for disease control and prevention in Henan Province, involving 6 186 cases. The incidence rate was 0.25%, and the case fatality rate was 0.91%. General events accounted for 141 cases(50.90%), and infectious disease events constituted 235 cases(84.84%). The average annual number of reported incidents was 27.7. The year 2019 recorded the highest number of incidents(46 events, 16.61%), followed by 2017(38 events, 13.72%). The monthly distribution showed an average of 23.08 events, with two reporting peaks from May to July(58 events, 20.94%) and October to December(99 events, 35.74%). The top three cities by the number of incident reports were Luoyang(47 events, 16.97%), Zhengzhou(40 events, 14.44%), and Anyang(38 events, 13.72%).The top five infectious diseases reported were varicella(54 events, 22.97%), dengue fever(25 events, 10.64%), mumps(19 events,8.09%), visceral leishmaniasis(17 events, 7.23%), and monkeypox case(17 events, 7.23%). A total of 126 public health emergencies occurred in schools, predominantly infectious disease events(109 events, 86.51%), with primary schools being the primary setting(72 events, 57.14%). Varicella was the leading cause of school-bases events(54 events, 42.86%). Conclusions Public health emergencies in Henan Province are predominantly infectious disease events. Relevant authorities should further improve the joint prevention and control mechanism, optimize the epidemic monitoring and early warning system, and strengthen risk assessment and emergency response capacity building for infectious disease-related public health emergencies. Infectious diseases are also a key focus for prevention and control in schools, with primary schools requiring prioritized measures. Implementation of key infectious disease prevention and control strategies in schools is essential.

Epidemiological characteristics of notifiable infectious diseases among children under 15 years old in Henan Province, 2015-2024

Objective To analyze the epidemiological characteristics and changing trends of notifiable infectious diseases among children under 15 years old in Henan Province from 2015 to 2024, and to provide a scientific basis for formulating infectious disease prevention and control strategies for this population. Methods Data on notifiable infectious disease among children under 15 years old in Henan Province from 2015 to 2024 were collected from the "China Information System for Disease Control and Prevention". Descriptive epidemiological methods were used to analyze the epidemiological characteristics. Arc GIS 10.8 software was used to generate regional distribution maps. The annual percentage change(APC) and average annual percentage change(AAPC)were calculated to analyze trends in reported incidence rates. Results From 2015 to 2024, a total of 30 types of notifiable infectious diseases were reported among children under 15 years old in Henan Province, with 2 180 506 cases. The average annual reported incidence rate was 1 050.75/10⁵. The majority of the cases were classified as Class C infectious diseases(94.51%). There were statistically significant differences in the reported incidence rates of overall, Class B, and Class C infectious diseases across different years(P<0.05). The average annual reported incidence rate was higher in males(1 102.76/10⁵) than in females(987.79/10⁵). Scattered children were the primary affected group(47.56%, 1 037 140 cases), and 75.39%(1 643 894 cases) of the cases were concentrated in the age group under 6 years old. There were two peaks in the temporal distribution: a small peak in March and a major peak in December. There were staistically significant regional differences in the average annual reported incidence rates(χ²=2 057 948.81, P<0.05), showing a pattern of high incidence in central and western Henan, with a gradient decrease in southern and eastern Henan. Zhengzhou City had the highest average annual reported incidence rate(3 838.93/10⁵). Respiratory(56.55%, 1 233 152 cases) and intestinal infectious(42.92%, 935 907 cases) were the main transmission routes. The reported incidence rate of respiratory infectious diseases significantly increased(AAPC=29.36%, P<0.05), while that of intestinal infectious diseases showed a fluctuating downward trend(AAPC=-9.01%, P<0.05). The top five reported diseases accounted for 95.95%,namely influenza, hand-foot-mouth disease, other infectious diarrhea, mumps, and novel coronavirus infection. Conclusions From2015 to 2024, the epidemiological characteristics of notifiable infectious diseases among children under 15 years old in Henan Province were influenced by multiple factors, including population, season, and region. Young children and scattered children were the key populations, respiratory and intestinal infectious diseases were the core priorities for prevention and control; and central and western Henan were the key areas. It is necessary to focus on key populations, regions, and diseases, implement a multi-disease prevention strategy, and establish a prevention and control early warning system based on seasonal disease characteristics to continuously optimize the prevention and control strategies for infectious diseases among children under 15 years old in Henan Province.

Epidemiological characteristics and evaluation of an incidence trend prediction model for scarlet fever in Henan Province, 2015-2025

Objective To analyze the epidemiological characteristics and incidence trend of scarlet fever in Henan Province from2015 to 2025, and to evaluate the application performance of different time series prediction models in forecasting the epidemic trend of the disease. Methods The incidence data of scarlet fever in Henan Province from 2015 to 2025 were collected from the China Disease Control and Prevention Information System. Joinpoint regression model was used to analyze the long-term incidence trend. SARIMA, XGBoost, and Prophet models were constructed using R 4.5.1 software to predict the incidence of scarlet fever in Henan Province from January to September 2025. The prediction performance of the models was evaluated using mean absolute error(MAE), root mean squared error(RMSE), mean error rate(MER), and symmetric mean absolute percentage error(SMAPE). Results A total of 16 071 scarlet fever cases were reported in Henan Province from 2015 to 2025, with no deaths,and the annual average incidence rate was 1.52 per 100 000 population. The incidence showed an annual bimodal seasonal distribution each year, with peaks concentrated from April to July and from November to January of the following year. The disease was highly prevalent in children aged 4-<10 years and in northern cities of Henan Province. The incidence trend presented phased changes: the number of cases decreased significantly from 2019 to 2022(APC=-47.85%, P<0.05), and increased rapidly from 2023 onward(APC=105.62%, P<0.05). Prophet model had the optimal comprehensive performance, with MAE(22.96),RMSE(28.50), MER(11.87%), and SMAPE(17.64%) all lower than those of SARIMA and XGBoost models. It showed a good short-term prediction performance(≤5 months), and prediction accuracy gradually decreased when the forecasting period exceeded 5 months. Conclusions The incidence trend of scarlet fever in Henan Province from 2015 to 2025 presented a three-stage pattern of "stability-plunge-recovery", with relatively stable distribution characteristics in terms of population and regions. In short-term prediction, Prophet model exhibited better performance compared with SARIMA and XGBoost models.

Epidemiological Investigation and Response to a Cutaneous Anthrax Outbreak in Harbin City

Objective To report the epidemiological investigation and response to a Cutaneous anthrax outbreak in Harbin City， thereby providing a reference for strengthening anthrax prevention and control measures. Methods The on-site epidemiological investigation and response to this human cutaneous anthrax outbreak was conducted， including on-site field epidemiological investigation， infection source tracing， suspected case searching， sample collection and testing， on-site disinfection， as well as tracking， monitoring and management of suspected co-exposed individuals and close contacts. The prevention and control knowledge dissemination and health education were conducted among the key populations involved in livestock breeding， breeding， slaughtering and sales; the comprehensive prevention and control measures for cutaneous anthrax outbreaks were summarized and improved. Results A cluster of two cutaneous anthrax cases was reported from September 20-21， 2024. The two cases had participated in the slaughter of sick cattle. Skin swab samples were collected and tested positive for Bacillus anthracis via nucleic acid detection and culture. The surrounding samples were collected in the homes of both cases: Case 1's home surrounding such as refrigerator interior， bed surface， light switches， clothing， kang surface， stove surface and so on， and Case 2's home surrounding such as refrigerator interior， light switches， stove surface and so on. The samples from the two-case home were both tested positive for Bacillus anthracis via nucleic acid detection. After the cases were reported， active case searching was initiated， and no suspected cases were identified. A total of 161 close contacts and co-exposed individuals were identified， and nine of them were classified as "high-risk exposures" and took prophylactic medication; 152 close contacts underwent 14-day health monitoring. Contaminated products were recalled ad destroyed; the prevention and control publicity and the evaluation of disinfection effectiveness were carried out. Conclusions In this outbreak， the two cases were infected due to common exposure to the surrounding of slaughtering sick cattle. Timely control of the infection source together with thorough disinfection of the relevant products and surrounding can effectively control the occurrence and development of anthrax outbreak.

Epidemiological characteristics and trends of school public health emergencies in Henan Province,2006-2025

Objective To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of school public health emergencies in Henan Province from2006 to 2025,and to provide a reference for scientifically responding to such emergencies.Methods Data on school public health emergencies reported in Henan Province from 2006 to 2025 were collected.Descriptive epidemiological methods were used to analyze the epidemiological characteristics.The χ² test was employed to compare rate differences,the Kruskal-Wallis H test was used for multi-group comparison,Joinpoint regression was performed for time trend analysis,and Spearman correlation analysis for examining associations.Results A total of 571 school public health emergencies were reported in Henan Province from 2006 to2025,involving 18 889 cases,with an attack rate of 2.40%.Infectious diseases accounted for 91.59%(523 incidents) of all events,among which respiratory infectious disease were predominant,comprising 480 cases(91.78% of all infectious disease events).The incidence of school public health emergencies in Henan Province showed an overall continuous downward trend(AAPC=-10.80%,P<0.05).Peaks in event reporting occurred from March to June and from September to December.The attack rate was higher in rural schools(2.67%) than in urban schools(2.49%) and township schools(1.87%)(χ²=364.728,P<0.05).Primary schools were the main setting for events,with 323 cases reported,accounting for 56.57% of the total.There was a positive correlation between intervention time and event duration(r=0.693,P<0.05).Conclusions Respiratory infectious diseases are the main type of school public health emergencies in Henan Province from 2006 to 2025.Rural schools and primary schools are the key priorities for prevention and control.Moreover,the timing of intervention implementation affects event duration.It is essential to strengthen surveillance and achieve early detection and early response to outbreaks.

Epidemiological characteristics and temporal trends of notifiable infectious diseases in Henan Province， 2005-2025

Objective To analyze the epidemiological characteristics and temporal trends of notifiable infectious diseases in Henan Province from 2005 to 2025， thereby providing scientific basis for formulating targeted prevention and control strategies. Methods Descriptive epidemiological analysis was conducted on reported data of notifiable infectious diseases in Henan Province from 2005 to 2025. Joinpoint regression (version 5.4.0) was employed to analyze incidence trends， the simple seasonal index method was used to assess seasonal patterns， and ArcGIS 10.8 was applied to examine spatial distribution. Results A total of 10 433 326 cases of 35 types of notifiable infectious diseases were reported， with an average annual reported incidence of 520.28/10⁵， demonstrating an overall increasing trend (AAPC=6.40%， P<0.05). Class A and B infectious diseases accounted for 48.64% (5 074 385 cases) ， while Class C diseases accounted for 51.36%(5 358 941 cases) were . The incidence of Class A and B diseases (excluding COVID-19) showed an overall decreasing trend (AAPC=-4.98%， P<0.05); viral hepatitis， pulmonary tuberculosis， syphilis， dysentery， and gonorrhea were the top five diseases， comprising 86.89%(4 409 276 /5 074 385)of Class A and B cases. Class C diseases exhibited an overall increasing trend (AAPC=15.09%， P<0.05); influenza， hand-foot-mouth disease， other infectious diarrheal diseases， mumps， and acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis were the top five， accounting for 99.72%(5 344 045/ 5 358 941)of Class C cases. Among Class A and B diseases， bloodborne and sexually transmitted infections had the highest average annual incidence (142.08/10⁵) with an overall downward trend， followed by respiratory infectious diseases (89.25 /10⁵)， which showed a “decrease-increase-decrease” pattern. Intestinal infectious diseases declined， whereas natural focal and vector-borne diseases remained at low and stable levels. Regions with relatively high incidence of Class A and B diseases were Jiaozuo (333.53/10⁵)， Zhengzhou (312.97/10⁵)， and Luohe (310.16 /10⁵). For Class C diseases，high-incidence regions were Zhengzhou (824.36/10⁵)， Jiaozuo (449.11 /10⁵)， and Luoyang (428.27/10⁵). Class A and B diseases peaked in spring and summer with a male-to-female ratio of 1.47:1; 86.12% of cases occurred in individuals aged 20 to <70 years， and 71.54% were farmers， homemakers， and unemployed individuals. Class C diseases peaked in winter and spring， with a male-to-female ratio of 1.22:1; 61.83% of cases were in children aged 0-10 years， and 72.62% were scattered children， students， and kindergarten children. Conclusions Since 2005， the reported incidence of notifiable infectious diseases in Henan Province has fluctuated significantly. Strengthened prevention and control efforts should be focused on diseases with a marked increasing trend (e.g.， influenza and other infectious diarrheal diseases)， high-burden diseases (e.g.， hepatitis B and pulmonary tuberculosis)， and challenging diseases (e.g.， natural focal and vector-borne infectious diseases).

Analysis of epidemiological characteristics of brucellosis in Shangqiu City,2015-2024

Objective To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of brucellosis in Shangqiu City from 2015 to 2024,and provide scientific evidence for optimizing prevention and control measures.Methods Descriptive epidemiological methods were used to analyze the three-distribution characteristics of brucellosis cases;the Joinpoint regression model was used to analyze the temporal trend of incidence rate,and SatScan software was used to conduct spatio-temporal scanning analysis.Results From 2015 to2024,a total of 1 086 brucellosis cases were reported in Shangqiu City,with an annual incidence rate of 1.45 per 10⁵.The incidence rate showed an upward trend,with an average annual percent change(AAPC) of 7.51%(95% CI:2.59%-13.69%).The peak incidence period was spring and summer,with a seasonal index of 131.49%-164.64% from March to July.A total of five spatiotemporal clusters were identified through spatiotemporal scanning analysis,including two type I clusters in Minduan County in the west,and three type Ⅱ clusters involving five counties and districts in the west and central regions.The incidence rate(1.92 per 10⁵) was higher in males than that in females(0.98 per 10⁵),with a statistically significant difference(χ²=115.451,P<0.001).The median age of cases was 51 years(36,60 years),and the proportions of age groups aged 50-<60,60-<70,and 70-<80 years all showed an increasing trend year by year(trend χ² Values were 16.77 1,10.721,4.616,respectively,all P<0.05).Farmers constituted the majority of cases,accounting for 84.62% of the total(919 cases),with an increasing trend in the proportion of farmers year by year(χ²_trend=17.307,P<0.001).The median time interval from onset to diagnosis was 10.63(3.46,31.59) days,and 64.18%(697/1 086) of cases were diagnosed and reported by local medical institutions.Conclusions From 2015 to 2024,brucellosis incidence in Shangqiu City showed an upward trend,and the incidence risk was primarily concentrated in Minquan County,spreading to other counties and districts in the western and central regions.The affected population exhibited an aging trend,and the incidence growth was mainly driven by key occupational groups.Measures such as strengthening source control,advancing active surveillance in priority areas,enhancing public education for high-risk groups,and improving grassroots diagnostic capabilities are necessary to curb the epidemic.

Epidemiological features analysis of notifiable infectious diseases in China's mainland,2010-2016

Objective To provide a scientific basis for formulating the best control and prevention strategy through analyzing the epidemiological features of notifiable infectious diseases in China's mainland from 2010 to 2016.Method The notifiable infectious diseases that reported by National Health and Family Planning Commission of the People's Republic of China,were collected and analyzed.Results 46 635 017 cases were reported,the incidence rate was 491.93 per 100 000.116576 deaths were reported and the mortality was 1.23 per 100 000.The case fatality rate was 0.25 %.386 cases of 2 kinds of A notifiable diseases were reported,the incidence rate was 0.0041 per 100 000. 21 776 418 cases of26 kinds of B notifiable diseases were reported,the incidence rate was 229.71 per 100 000 and declined slowly.24 858213 cases of 11 kinds of C notifiable diseases were reported,the incidence rate was 262.22 per 100 000 and rised every other year.Blood and sexually transmitted disease had become the highest morbidity and mortality infectious disease in the class A and B cases during the last 7 years,and the proportion was 56.12 % and 74.34 % respectively.Fatality rate of natural foci and vector-borne diseases was 1.7390 %,which was the highest.The incidence of intestinal infectious diseases declined year byyear,and the mortality of natural foci and vector-borne diseases,intestinal infectious diseases,respiratory infectious diseases had the same trend,but Blood and sexually transmitted disease's incidence increased year by year.3 899 cases and 269 deaths of neonatal tetanus were reported in the last 7 years. Tts fatality rate was 6.90 % and its incidence and mortality declined year by year.The infectious diseases reported in the first few were hand-foot-and-mouth disease,viral hepatitis,tuberculosis,other infectious diarrheal diseases,syphilis and mumps respectively. Conclusion The epidemic situation of notifiable infectious diseases were stable in China's mainland during the last 7 years. Prevention and control measures should focus on Blood and sexually transmitted disease with high morbidity and mortality and rising trend.The vaccine-preventable diseases,such as viral hepatitis(hepatitis B)and tuberculosis,remain had great incidence,so health education should be strengthened to improve people's cognitive ability and immune levels.

Effects of trace element copper on human health

Copper is a naturally existing element in nature, it mostly enters the human body through food or drinking water, and it has dual functions to human health. As one of the essential micronutrients for human health, copper is involved in many physiological functions, copper deficiency causes problems, such as anemia and neutropenia. Copper excess can lead to acute or chronic copper poisoning in human subjects, and in severe cases death. The source of the copper, the physiological functions,absorption and metabolism, deficiency, toxicity, and the recommended intake of copper will be mainly reviewed in this paper.

The recent reseach of our country in the material and methods of the Virus preservation

For the better preservation of the biological resources,the author has retrieved the domestic literature of the preservation of strains during National Eleventh Five-Year.The results show that our country uses the gelatin foil,the filter paper,the emulsion,the carbohydrate,the liquid traditional Chinese medicine and so on as the collection material of strains;In preservation technology and method still by low temperature or ultralow temperature refrigeration and so on primarily.So we can say that our country does have the remarkable progress in the collection material and the preservation method aspect.

Effects of trace element copper on human health

Copper is a naturally existing element in nature, it mostly enters the human body through food or drinking water, and it has dual functions to human health. As one of the essential micronutrients for human health, copper is involved in many physiological functions, copper deficiency causes problems, such as anemia and neutropenia. Copper excess can lead to acute or chronic copper poisoning in human subjects, and in severe cases death. The source of the copper, the physiological functions,absorption and metabolism, deficiency, toxicity, and the recommended intake of copper will be mainly reviewed in this paper.

Evaluation of life quality of the rural elderly in a county by SF-36 scale

Objective To understand the quality of life and medical status of residents in rural areas of a County. Methods By using the method of random cluster sampling, a real-name questionnaire survey was conducted among residents by using SF-36 and self-made scale. Results The Cronbach's α coefficient and KMO value of SF-36 scale were > 0.8 and 0.6 respectively.Comparing the scores of the rural elderly in Fengqiu county with those of the rural elderly in Henan Province, the score of vitality(VT) was lower than that of the norm, while the scores of physiological function(PF), body pain(BP), overall health status(GH), social function(SF), emotional function(RE) and mental health(MH) were higher than those of the norm. Compared with the Shenzhen norm, the scores of physiological function(RP), body pain(BP), vitality(VT) and social function(SF) were lower than those of the norm. Compared with the norm of Sichuan Province, the score of emotional function(RE) dimension of the four age and gender groups was higher than that of the norm, and the score of vitality(VT) dimension was lower than that of the norm(P<0.05).Conclusion The quality of life of the elderly in rural areas of the studied county has been improved, but it is still poor compared with some developed areas. It is necessary to arrange work reasonably according to the factors affecting the quality of life of the elderly in the county.

The research progress of respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection in the Middle East